The Emergence of Scots

The first language known to have been spoken in Scotland was Pictish. The Picts occupied Scotland north of the Forth. No one knows for certain whether this was a Celtic language or not. There are many indications that it was but these may just be the result of contact with Celtic peoples. Around 300 A.D. the Picts got their name from the Romans who called them 'Picti'. This referred to their supposed habit of painting their faces with blue woad - 'Picti' means 'the painted people'. South west Scotland (Strathclyde) was occupied by a tribe of Britons speaking an ancestral form of modern Welsh a Celtic language, and south east Scotland was part of a Northumbrian kingdom based on the Lothians. These people were the descendants of the Angles who had settled in the north of England. The Saxons on the other hand tended to settle in the south. The (Anglo-Saxon) Dialect spoken by the Angles later became infused with a large amount of Norse. This was brought in by Viking incursions and settlements in Northumbria. This language called Inglis was spoken between the river Humber in the south and the river Forth in the north. By 500 A.D. a tribe of people from Northern Ireland called the Scoti had began to settle in Argyle. These new immigrants spoke Gaelic, another Celtic language, and they called their new kingdom Dalriada. By 900 A.D. the Scoti of Dalriada had absorbed and integrated the original Pictish inhabitants and formed the kingdom of Alba north of the Forth and Clyde. Shortly afterwards the British kingdom of Strathclyde became part of the kingdom of Alba. It wasn't long after 970 A.D. that the Northumbrian kingdom also became part of the kingdom of Alba, creating the borders of modern Scotland that have hardly changed since.

One of the conditions to the annexation of the Northumbrian kingdom was that the Northumbrians were allowed to use their own language and laws. Scotland's political centre of gravity moved from the west Highlands into Central Scotland. Soon a situation had emerged where the Royal Household was only Scots in name. They too were speaking Inglis. At this time Inglis speakers called Gaelic Scotis. After the Norman invasion of England in 1066 King David I of Scotland (1124-53) granted lands to many Norman noblemen who held lands in northern England. At the time Norman culture was held in high esteem throughout Europe and David invited these Normans to help in the establishment of "modern" law and government in Scotland. Inglis soon gained in prestige by 1290 A.D. Inglis had spread up the east coast to the Moray Firth and taken hold south of the Clyde. Only Galloway, South Ayrshire and the Highlands to the north and west remained Gaelic speaking. The wars of independence in the eleventh century soon separated the two divisions of Northumbrian Inglis north and south of the Cheviots. During the following centuries the Inglis developed separately north and south of the border. In the twelfth century extensive trade took place between the eastern seaboard of Scotland and the Low Countries. Trading colonies were established in Low Countries and similarly many traders and craftspeople from the Low Countries settled in Scotland. They too enriched the vocabulary of Scots with Dutch and Low Saxon loans. Later on the Auld Alliance with France further influenced the Inglis of Scotland with the addition of more Norman and central French vocabulary. Meanwhile the Gaelic had also been adding vocabulary to the Inglis of Scotland. Many terms for topographical features are of Gaelic extraction although little more was passed on due to the low regard held for things Gaelic. The great language of learning in middle ages Europe was Latin, this too influenced the Inglis of Scotland especially in the realms of literature and law.

The Inglis of Northumbria and Scotland were once dialects of a single language but the emergence of the two competing political entities of England and Scotland caused a shift in their population's centre of gravity. In Scotland the population looked to their capital Edinburgh and to the Inglis spoken in the Lothians as a model for a national standard, both spoken and written. In Northumbria the population looked to the emerging standard language of the east Midlands and later the speech of London. The Anglo-Saxon dialects were noticeably different, reflecting the patterns of settlement by different Anglo-Saxon tribes. These dialects did share a considerable amount of common vocabulary but later sound changes in the Southern and Midland dialects further increased the difference between Northern and Southern forms of Anglo-Saxon. The emerging standard from the South soon began replacing the Northumbrian in the north east of England reducing it to a mere dialect. Meanwhile the Inglis of Scotland had developed in to a fully fledged national language being used as a vehicle for both literature and legal documentation. Scottish literature is said to have properly began with Barbour's Brus (c.1375). The Brus referred to the Wars of Independence. Whyntoun's Kronykil and Blin Harry's Wallace (c.1478) may also be placed into this period considered as Early Scots.

The Relationship of Scots to Other Germanic Languages

By the end of the fifteenth century the Inglis language of Scotland was being called Scottis to distinguish it from the language of England. The following period in the development of Scots, known as Middle Scots, brought forth an abundance of literature based around the Royal Court in Edinburgh and the University of St. Andrews. Master pieces by writers such as Henrysoun (c.1420-c.1490), Dunbar (?1460-?), Douglas (c.1467-1552), and Lynsay (?1490-1555) saw the introduction of a great many French and Latin words into Scots. At the same time the spellings employed by these writers indicated many pronunciation changes that were probably due to natural developments in the language. By the end of the seventeenth century the continued influence of English writers like Chaucer and later Elisabethan English literature, started to have an effect on the spelling of Scots.

The Development of English and Scots

The period after the seventeenth century ushered in and saw the gradual decline of modern Scots as a national language. During the ongoing struggles of the reformation the reformers failed to introduce a Scots translation of the Bible, instead taking the English version which was already available. The written Languages, of course, posed no insurmountable problems of intelligibility for an educated readership but the spoken word remained as different as ever. After The union of the crowns in 1603 the Scottish court moved to London, further increasing the Status of English in Scotland. Finally the union of the English and Scottish parliaments in 1707 dealt the death knell to Scots as the official language of Scotland. Standard English increasingly became the language of politics, education, religion and prestige. Elocution lessons were in great demand among the aristocracy, who were the first to endeavour to adopt the southern tongue in both speech and writing by eradicating Scotticisms (Scots words and grammar features). They were of course closely followed by the middle classes and then generally by anyone who desired to be upwardly mobile. Modern Scots of course continued to be used as the vernacular of the vast majority of the Scottish population and the centuries old ballads in the vernacular continued to be immensely popular anmong all sections of society, even though the population was being increasingly educated in English. It was also during this period that many of the ballads of the Borders and the North East, that had been orally handed down the centuries came to be written down. Writers like Sempill, Lady Wardlaw and Lady Grizel Baillie helped keep the vernacular alive as a literary medium until the eighteenth century revival of interest in Scots and Scottish literature.

In the eighteenth century not all the Scots intelligentsia accepted the marginalisation of Scots. Some writers, among them Ramsay (1686-1758), Fergusson, Burns and Scott continued to use Scots. Scott introduced ernacular dialogue to his novels, to great effect. This eighteenth century revival of Scots literature was based largely on current colloquial Scots, although the spelling were becoming increasingly anglicised, spellings based on the standard written Scots of the sixteenth century court continued to be used. This was historically based on the dialect of the Lothians and it was in this period that dialect difference first came to be represented in written Scots. For writers in central Scotland standard court Scots was adequate but for other dialects the spellings did not represent the sounds. The effects of education in standard English started to take hold and many writers started to use English letters to represent Scottish sounds and apostrophes to indicate supposedly missing letters, thus adding to the misconception that Scots is a debased form of English.

The revival of the eighteenth century continued into the nineteenth century, with the publication of Jamieson's Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language. Scots was once again being regarded as the national language by the intelligentsia, although use of it for any purpose other than literary was frowned upon. Writers such as Galt, Macdonald, Stevenson, Barrie and Crocket followed the lead set by Scott by using Scots dialogue in their novels.

By the twentieth century Scots had become the language of the so called lower classes used only informally and more or less condemned to the pub and playground. The Scots revival of the twentieth century produced a resurge in the interest in Scots with the publication of reference and dictionary works such as Warrack's Scots Dialect Dictionary and the ten volume Scottish National Dictionary. In the 1920's. A renaissance in the use of Scots led by Hugh MacDiarmid was not just literary but also political - for a nation to regain its soul it must also regain its language. MacDiarmid found himself among many contemporaries writing both prose and poetry. Among them Douglas Young, Sidney Goodsir Smith, Robert Garioch and Robert Mclellan. Many of these writers were accused of artificially reinventing a language because they recoursed to Scots Dictionaries and older literary works to increase and developed their already substantial native Scots vocabularies. On the other hand recourse to dictionaries and other literary works by writers using German, French or English who wished to expand their vocabularies was considered an enlightening and educational experience - a touch of discrimination perhaps? These attempts to have Scots hold its own continued after the Second World War, even though the ever expanding reach of the mass media, especially radio and then television, which was as good as completely presented in Standard English, gave the whole population access to a spoken English on which they could then model their speech. Scots was now considered the language of the tartan variety show or the country bumpkin. Mainstream Scotland spoke English or more correctly Standard Scottish English, which itself retained many grammatical traits of the older Scottish tongue. Over the centuries features of the older Northumbrian language disappeared at a faster rate on the English side of the Anglo-Scottish border than on the Scottish side. Now most of the vocabulary of what are now considered Scots words have all but disappeared on the English side, while they are still in every day use on the Scottish side. Words considered Scots were kept in Scotland as part of the Scots identity and dropped in the South with the forging of the English identity.